Petroglyphs are captivating forms of rock art, created by removing part of a rock surface through incising, picking, carving, or abrading. They can be found worldwide and are often associated with prehistoric peoples, providing glimpses into their ancient cultures and artistic expressions. The term "petroglyph" originates from the Greek words "petra," meaning "stone," and "glyphō," meaning "to carve." It was first coined in French as "pétroglyphe."
It is important to distinguish petroglyphs from petrographs, which are images drawn or painted on a rock face. While both types of images fall under the broader category of rock art or parietal art, they differ in the technique used. Petroglyphs involve the physical removal of rock material to create the image, whereas petrographs are created using pigments or paints. Additionally, petroforms refer to patterns and shapes made by arranging large rocks and boulders on the ground, which is a distinct form of rock art. Another unique form of rock art is the Inuksuk, found only in the Arctic, except for reproductions and imitations built in other regions.
One remarkable site showcasing prehistoric petroglyphs is Gogdara in the Swat Valley. These petroglyphs were discovered by G. Tucci in 1955 and depict a variety of wild and domestic animals, as well as anthropomorphic representations. According to the excavator of the site, the Gogdara rock surface boasts 117 graffiti. Among these, 71 are animal figures, 17 represent objects, and 29 remain unidentified, with no human figures present. These petroglyphs are believed to date back to the period from 1 AD to 2 BC, providing a glimpse into the artistic expressions and cultural practices of the ancient inhabitants of the Swat Valley.
Exploring prehistoric petroglyphs allows us to connect with the past and gain insights into the beliefs, lifestyles, and artistic talents of our ancestors. These intricate carvings on stone surfaces serve as a testament to the human desire for expression and communication across time and space. By studying and preserving these petroglyphs, we can deepen our understanding of our shared human history and appreciate the rich diversity of ancient cultures around the world.
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