The disputed tomb of Saleh Kamboh

27-05-2018

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The revered mausoleum of Mullah Muhammad Saleh Kamboh stands almost unknowingly adjacent to the Pakistan Railway Headquarters on Empress Road, encapsulated within the precincts of the St. Andrews Church in Lahore, and holds enduring historical significance. Serving as the resting place not just for Mullah Muhammad Saleh Kamboh but also for his elder brother Inayat Ullah Kamboh and their other family members, this site underwent multiple transformations over time. Initially known as Gunbad Kambohan, it transitioned from a residence during the British era to an Anglican church and was later repurposed into a school managed by the Christian community.

Despite these transitions, the mausoleum's unique Mughal architecture, characterized by its octagonal shape and majestic domes, stands as a testament to its glorious past. However, its current use as a school limits public access, veiling its historical significance from the general populace. The lack of preservation efforts by the Archaeology Department underscores the urgent need to safeguard and restore this invaluable heritage site.

The tomb possessed bad faith and it started during the Sikh rule, this dome was used to store gunpowder. Then, when the British took over, it was converted into a resident quarter. Later, when a church was built in 1872, a priest moved in, some stories suggest the British relocated the coffins of Muhammad Saleh and Inayat Ul Lah to the shrine of Hazrat Ali Rangrez before turning the place into a residence.

As Lahore evolves and modernizes, landmarks from its past confront the threat of fading into obscurity. Authorities must recognize and protect these remnants of history, ensuring their preservation for future generations.

Mullah Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, the son of the esteemed scholar Mir Abdullah Kamboh, shared a familial legacy steeped in scholarly pursuits. His elder sibling, Sheikh Inayat Ullah Kamboh, stood as an erudite historian, while Muhammad Saleh Kamboh himself emerged as a luminary in the Mughal court under Emperor Shah Jehan's patronage. His multifaceted roles included serving as a mentor to Aurangzeb and holding the prestigious position of 'Shahi Dewan' for Lahore's Governor, establishing his residence near Mochi Gate, albeit the exact location still needs to be clarified.

Muhammad Saleh displayed versatility, commanding a contingent of 500 horsemen, showcasing both scholarly and martial prowess. Historical records even portray him as a commander leading a Mughal fleet in the Bay of Bengal against rebellious forces. During this maritime duty, he penned his masterpiece 'Amal-e-Saleh' in 1659 AD, a period after the completion of the renowned Wazir Khan Mosque in 1641 AD. Accounts suggest the mosque bearing Saleh Kamboh's name emerged posthumously in 1675 AD or even as late as 1680, now holding a rich history spanning over 341 years.

Beyond his military and scholarly feats, Muhammad Saleh Kamboh exhibited skill in poetry, adopting the pen names Kashfi for his Persian compositions and Subhan for Hindi verses. Some sources even hint at his proficiency as a classical singer. Yet, despite the remarkable achievements of the Kamboh brothers in Lahore, their prominence in both military and scholarly realms remains somewhat obscured in modern times.

Muhammad Saleh Kamboh attained lasting renown as the court chronicler entrusted with recording Shah Jahan's reign. However, the exact date of his passing remains uncertain, with S. M. Latif suggesting his demise in AH 1085 (1675 AD), a stance echoed by certain scholars.

Another historical monument attributed to Muhammad Saleh Kamboh is ‘Saleh Kamboh Mosque’, also known as the 'Chinianwali Maseet' locally, is renowned for its unparalleled marvel of marble adorned with exquisite precious stone inlay work, famously referred to as 'Kashi kari' standing inside the Mochi Gate.

The legacy of Mullah Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, celebrated for his literary prowess and multifaceted contributions, deserves recognition and preservation. The mausoleum on Empress Road symbolizes not just a physical structure but a testament to a glorious era, urging attention and restoration to reclaim its significance in Lahore's vibrant history.

From Coast to Summit: Pakistan's Avian Diversity in Two Frames.

Birds of Pakistan through my wildlife lens. In one snapshot, the graceful Western Reef Egret perches amidst the serene coastline of Jiwani in February 2020, exuding tranquility amid crashing waves and golden sands.

In another frame, captured in August 2015 at Concordia K2 Basecamp, approximately 5000 meters above sea level, an Alpine Accentor stands resilient amid the rugged mountain terrain, showcasing its adaptability in an extreme environment.

What's truly captivating? These photos, taken 3000 kilometers apart with a 5000-meter difference in altitude within Pakistan, beautifully contrast the coastal beauty and mountain resilience. From the tranquil coastlines to the majestic peaks, these images unveil the incredible biodiversity of the country, inviting you to witness the harmonious blend between wildlife and diverse landscapes.

The Enigmatic Extinction of the White-eared Bulbul (Molpastes leucotis) from Lahore: A Contemporary Analysis

Photograph in Cholistan

Abstract:

The sudden disappearance of the White-eared Bulbul (Molpastes leucotis) from the avian fauna of Lahore presents a significant ecological anomaly. A.J. Currie's meticulous documentation in "The Birds of Lahore and the Vicinity" in 1916 provided critical insights into this species' migratory patterns and local breeding habits, indicating its historical prevalence as a cold weather visitor. However, recent records dating back 23 years reveal a startling absence of any sightings within Lahore, in stark contrast to past abundances. Notably, the prevalent Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) has considerably outnumbered the White-eared Bulbul, despite being more common in the southern regions of Punjab.

This article aims to investigate the underlying causes behind the complete disappearance of the White-eared Bulbul from Lahore's ecosystem. Plausible reasons include urbanization-induced habitat loss and unfavorable alterations in environmental conditions, leading to the abandonment of once-favored habitats by this species. This investigation underscores the necessity of understanding the ecological dynamics and anthropogenic impacts driving such sudden extinctions to inform conservation efforts and preserve avian biodiversity.

Introduction:

The White-eared Bulbul (Molpastes leucotis), historically a common visitor to Lahore, featured prominently in A.J. Currie's observations documented in 1916. Its migratory behavior, arriving in October and departing in March, suggested a seasonal presence within Lahore's avifauna. Furthermore, evidence from Major Lindsay Smith indicated breeding activities in nearby regions during hot weather, hinting at the species' potential local nesting habits. However, recent records spanning over the last 23 years highlight an alarming absence of any sightings within Lahore, a stark contrast to historical observations.

Discussion:

In contrast to the declining presence of the White-eared Bulbul, the Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) has shown a noticeable increase in population within the region. The shift in prevalence between these species raises pertinent questions regarding the ecological factors contributing to such a drastic disappearance. Urbanization and associated habitat loss emerge as prominent factors impacting Lahore's avian biodiversity. The transformation of natural habitats into urban landscapes, coupled with changes in climatic conditions, might have rendered the once-favored habitats of the White-eared Bulbul inhospitable, compelling their departure from Lahore.

Conclusion:

The abrupt vanishing of the White-eared Bulbul from Lahore's avian community represents a concerning ecological event. Its sudden absence, despite historical prevalence, raises concerns about the vulnerability of species to anthropogenic activities and environmental alterations.

Photograph in Son Valley

"The Mighty Hingol River: Balochistan's Longest Waterway"

08th February, 2020

The Hingol River, stretching over 350 miles (560 km), stands as Balochistan's most extensive waterway. Carving its path through the Makran Coastal Range and the Hungol Valley, it winds amidst towering cliffs, distinguishing itself from other intermittent streams in the region by maintaining a year-round flow, a rarity in Balochistan's arid landscape.

Situated in the province of Balochistan, the Hingol River assumes a paramount role as the region's largest river. Originating in the lofty peaks of the Makran Range, its journey encompasses a diverse landscape, navigating through the Hingol National Park, Pakistan's largest expanse of protected natural reserve. This river basin harmoniously incorporates mountains, forests, and coastal plains within its embrace.

The Hingol River serves as the lifeblood of the ecosystem within the Hingol National Park, fostering the sustenance of the area's diverse flora and fauna. Beyond its ecological significance, this river acts as a crucial source of water, supporting local communities by facilitating agricultural activities and catering to the region's water needs.

Renowned for its picturesque allure and untouched natural splendor, the Hingol River draws inquisitive travelers and nature enthusiasts eager to explore the vast biodiversity housed within the confines of the Hingol National Park. Within this sanctuary lie various species of wildlife, including those classified as endangered and protected, such as the Persian leopard and the marsh crocodile, adding to the allure of this magnificent river and its surroundings.

"The Mysterious Case of the Disappearance of Brahminy Starlings from Lahore"

02nd December, 2023

The scientific name of the Brahminy Starling is "Sturnia pagodarum."

Brahminy Starlings are commonly found in the Indian subcontinent, including countries like India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. They typically inhabit various habitats such as open woodlands, gardens, cultivated areas, and urban environments. These birds are known for their adaptability and can thrive in diverse landscapes, often seen in parks, farmlands, and even near human settlements.

Twenty-five years ago, Lahore echoed with the melodious tunes of Brahminy Starlings that filled the city's skies. Their graceful flights and harmonious songs epitomized Lahore's avian diversity. However, a shift occurred as other Myna species became more prevalent, gradually leading to the disappearance of Brahminy Starlings from Lahore's ecosystem, leaving behind an enigmatic absence.

Salman Rashid, a prominent travel writer, reminisced about observing Brahminy Starlings amidst towering banyan trees near Kot Lokhpot. These recollections evoked memories of an era when these exquisite birds were an integral part of Lahore's ecological fabric. I, too, witnessed their presence during my school days in the '90s, cherishing their existence in the school gardens.

Surprisingly, nearly two decades later, during my visit on December 2, 2023, I observed the resurgence of Brahminy Starlings in the border areas of Lahore. Several of these birds were perched on a tree, a hopeful sign of their attempt to reclaim their once-familiar habitat.

This resurgence emphasizes the imperative need to protect nature and foster a harmonious coexistence with other wildlife.

Basol River Baluchistan

Date of Visit:- 06th Febraury, 2020

The Basol River in Balochistan, Pakistan, carries great significance as it winds its way through the dry, desert-like terrain of the Makran area, ultimately flowing into the Khor Kalmat lagoon on the Gulf of Oman, part of the larger Arabian Sea. The river's path offers a distinctive perspective of the Makran coastal mountain range, displaying the stunning geographical features of the region.

Positioned approximately 31 kilometers northwest of Ormara, a pivotal coastal town within the Gwadar District, the Basol River is spanned by a bridge along the Makran Coastal Highway (N-10). Serving as a vital water source in an otherwise arid setting.

Basol River plays a pivotal role in supporting the local ecosystem. Its significance in the dry expanse of the Awaran district underscores the critical importance of water sources in sustaining life within such environments.

Despite its relatively low fame, this river holds substantial importance in the local ecology and provides travelers with an insight into the natural beauty and diverse landscapes found in Balochistan's Makran region.

(The coordinates 25.446298, 64.402980 )

"My Visit to Gabd-Rimdan: The Final Border Crossing on the Pakistan-Iran Border"

06th February, 2020 (Date of Visit)

After Pakistan's independence from British India in 1947, Iran and Pakistan established the boundaries between their respective territories in 1958-59. The process involved both the delineation of the borders and the physical marking of the boundary lined their mutual border, marking a significant step in their historical relationship.

Among the four official border crossings shared by Iran and Pakistan, Rimdan stands as a critical junction linking the southeastern Sistan province of Iran to Pakistan's Balochistan province. Serving as a pivotal entry point for both travelers and goods, Rimdan plays a central role in facilitating trade, commerce, and interactions between these neighboring nations.

In the realm of trade and commerce, the two primary border crossings, Taftan and Gabd, serve not only as routes for pedestrians but also as conduits for trade. Conversely, Mand and Chadgi are exclusively reserved for trade purposes. Recognizing the potential for economic growth, Iran and Pakistan have joined hands to establish joint-border markets aimed at bolstering trade. The initial phase witnessed the operationalization of three markets at Gabd, Mand, and Chadgi, promoting economic engagements at these border points.

Strategically positioned approximately 120 kilometers from Iran's bustling port city of Chabahar and merely 70 kilometers from Pakistan's thriving port city of Gwadar, Rimdan's geographical proximity to these major ports underscores its significance. 

Gabd-Rimdan, as the second entry point along the 900-kilometer border between Iran and Pakistan, acts as an additional link fostering trade and public movement. Its inauguration symbolized the joint efforts and shared aspirations of both countries to promote trade, cultural affinity, and people-to-people connections.