Sarais functionality in Shah Jahan's Reign: An Italian Traveler's Morse Stephens account

Introduction:

During the 17th century, the Mughal Empire flourished under the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan, a period characterized by remarkable cultural and architectural achievements. Within this historical context, European traveler H. Morse Stephens provides valuable insights into the operation and significance of Sarais, fortified resting places for travelers across the empire. This essay explores the functioning of Sarais during Shah Jahan's tenure, shedding light on their architectural features, security measures, and amenities that catered to the needs of diverse travelers.

Sarais as Fortified Havens:

The Sarais, or sarães, strategically dotted the Mughal Empire, serving as crucial waystations for weary travelers navigating the vast realm. These impressive structures resembled fortified enclaves, boasting sturdy walls, bastions, and formidable gates. Constructed primarily from stone or brick, sarais were designed to withstand potential attacks and provide a safe haven for those seeking respite from the perils of the road.

Gate Closure and Security Measures:

Every Sarai housed an appointed official responsible for safeguarding its inhabitants. At sundown, this official dutifully closed the gates, signaling the necessity for travelers to be vigilant about their belongings. A distinct warning was issued three times each morning before the gates swung open. This precautionary measure allowed travelers to verify their possessions and, if necessary, report any suspected theft. The deliberate delay in opening the gates until the missing item was found served as a deterrent, compelling potential thieves to abandon stolen goods to avoid detection.

Thieves and Dogs of Hindustän:

Stephens intriguingly alludes to the cunning nature of dogs in Hindustän, remarking on their ability to outsmart unsuspecting travelers. 

Architectural Layout and Amenities:

Sarais were expansive complexes designed to accommodate large numbers of travelers and their accompanying entourage. Some of these sarais could accommodate up to 800 to 1,000 individuals, along with their horses, camels, and carriages, with some even larger in scale. These structures encompassed various rooms, halls, and verandahs, creating a spacious environment for the transient population. The inclusion of trees within the courtyard provided shade and a semblance of tranquility amidst the bustling Sarai. Additionally, numerous provision shops catered to the dietary needs of travelers, ensuring a steady supply of food and necessities.

Gender-Separated Quarters:

Sarais also featured separate living quarters for men and women, acknowledging the societal norms and customs prevalent during the Mughal era. Male and female attendants undertook the responsibility of arranging rooms and beds for travelers, maintaining the privacy and comfort of all guests.

Conclusion:

Sarais played a crucial role in facilitating travel and ensuring the well-being of travelers during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. These fortified rest houses, with their imposing architecture and security measures, provided respite and security to individuals traversing the vast expanse of the Mughal Empire. With their well-organized amenities and gender-separated quarters, sarais not only offered physical comfort but also catered to the diverse needs of travelers. The sarais of Shah Jahan's era stood as a testament to the empire's commitment to the safety and welfare of its subjects, leaving an enduring legacy in the annals of Mughal India.